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Original Article
The Road to Regulatory Approval for Monolithic Pour NAAC Residential Structures
Michael O'Leary1
Dr. Anjani Kothari2
1Merchant Mariner, Diploma, San Pasqual High School, Escondido, California, U.S.A. 2Researcher, Doctorate, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Published Online: September-October 2025
Pages: 85-94
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijrtmr.20250505014
References
1. E. P. Kearsley and P. J. Wainwright, “The effect of porosity on the strength of foamed concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 233–239, 2002. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00665-2
2. F. Micelli, R. Mazzotta, M. Leone, and M. A. Aiello, “Review study on the durability of FRP-confined concrete,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 04014056, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.000052
3. S. Mandal, V. Anand, and S. K. Agarwala, Concrete Technology: Theory and Practice, Khanna Publishing House, 2025.
4. U. A. Ebead, K. C. Shrestha, and H. Saeed, “Development of high-strength lightweight non-autoclaved aerated concrete,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Structures and Buildings, vol. 173, no. 10, pp. 705–714, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.18.00078
5. J. Zhang, X. Ding, M. Marco, and Z. Chen, “Seismic behavior and failure analysis of prefabricated foamed concrete composite walls for passive houses,” Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 167, p. 108937, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108937
6. M. I. Khan, M. Usman, S. A. Rizwan, and A. Hanif, “Self-consolidating lightweight concrete incorporating limestone powder and fly ash as supplementary cementing material,” Materials, vol. 12, no. 18, p. 3050, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183050
7. M. Patel, S. Iyer, and V. Gupta, “Application of non-autoclaved aerated cement in climate-resilient construction,” Construction Materials Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 23–34, 2021.
8. N. P. Tran, T. N. Nguyen, T. D. Ngo, P. K. Le, and T. A. Le, “Strategic progress in foam stabilisation towards high-performance foam concrete for building sustainability: A state-of-the-art review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 375, p. 133939, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133939
9. Siplast, “Install-3-Qube-BC [Image],” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.siplast.com/-/media/images/content/card-with-link/card-image/siplast/_lwic/install-3-qube-bc.jpg?as=0&width=345&hash=29234291358BDA2D896018FCE21F20EF
10. Siplast, “Install-1-Qube-BC [Image],” n.d. [Online]. Available: https://www.siplast.com/-/media/images/content/card-with-link/card-image/siplast/_lwic/install-1-qube-bc.jpg?as=0&width=345&hash=FC748BF0F2A67A4B0A8BC7C3434AD877
11. Y. Li, X. Chen, X. Wang, Y. Xu, and P. H. Chen, “A review of studies on green building assessment methods by comparative analysis,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 146, pp. 152–159, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.04.076
12. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Building Regulatory Frameworks for Affordable Housing, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://unhabitat.org
13. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Patent Landscape Report on Alternative Cements, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.wipo.int
14. Airkrete, “Airkrete technical data and applications,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.airkrete.com/
15. YouTube. (2023, March 15). Worker inspects stable foam used in NAAC production [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/29N50LVhtxg?t=332
16. CLC Ultracore Technologies. (n.d.). Portable NAAC production unit (CLC foam concrete light weight block making machine) [Photograph]. Retrieved October 8, 2025, from https://www.clcultracoretechnologies.com/foam-concrete-machine-plant.html#clc-foam-concrete-light-weight-block-making-machine
17. YouTube. (2022, July 19). Worker cuts site-cast NAAC to build a dome structure [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/8ABYMJl1cFY?t=14
18. YouTube. (2021, November 8). Stable foam is added to Portland cement slurry to make NAAC [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Izqr5X99hEM?t=56
19. YouTube. (2021, November 8). Worker pours NAAC into block forms [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Izqr5X99hEM?t=90
2. F. Micelli, R. Mazzotta, M. Leone, and M. A. Aiello, “Review study on the durability of FRP-confined concrete,” Journal of Composites for Construction, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 04014056, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.000052
3. S. Mandal, V. Anand, and S. K. Agarwala, Concrete Technology: Theory and Practice, Khanna Publishing House, 2025.
4. U. A. Ebead, K. C. Shrestha, and H. Saeed, “Development of high-strength lightweight non-autoclaved aerated concrete,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Structures and Buildings, vol. 173, no. 10, pp. 705–714, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.18.00078
5. J. Zhang, X. Ding, M. Marco, and Z. Chen, “Seismic behavior and failure analysis of prefabricated foamed concrete composite walls for passive houses,” Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 167, p. 108937, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2024.108937
6. M. I. Khan, M. Usman, S. A. Rizwan, and A. Hanif, “Self-consolidating lightweight concrete incorporating limestone powder and fly ash as supplementary cementing material,” Materials, vol. 12, no. 18, p. 3050, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183050
7. M. Patel, S. Iyer, and V. Gupta, “Application of non-autoclaved aerated cement in climate-resilient construction,” Construction Materials Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 23–34, 2021.
8. N. P. Tran, T. N. Nguyen, T. D. Ngo, P. K. Le, and T. A. Le, “Strategic progress in foam stabilisation towards high-performance foam concrete for building sustainability: A state-of-the-art review,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 375, p. 133939, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133939
9. Siplast, “Install-3-Qube-BC [Image],” 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.siplast.com/-/media/images/content/card-with-link/card-image/siplast/_lwic/install-3-qube-bc.jpg?as=0&width=345&hash=29234291358BDA2D896018FCE21F20EF
10. Siplast, “Install-1-Qube-BC [Image],” n.d. [Online]. Available: https://www.siplast.com/-/media/images/content/card-with-link/card-image/siplast/_lwic/install-1-qube-bc.jpg?as=0&width=345&hash=FC748BF0F2A67A4B0A8BC7C3434AD877
11. Y. Li, X. Chen, X. Wang, Y. Xu, and P. H. Chen, “A review of studies on green building assessment methods by comparative analysis,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 146, pp. 152–159, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.04.076
12. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Building Regulatory Frameworks for Affordable Housing, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://unhabitat.org
13. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Patent Landscape Report on Alternative Cements, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.wipo.int
14. Airkrete, “Airkrete technical data and applications,” 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.airkrete.com/
15. YouTube. (2023, March 15). Worker inspects stable foam used in NAAC production [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/29N50LVhtxg?t=332
16. CLC Ultracore Technologies. (n.d.). Portable NAAC production unit (CLC foam concrete light weight block making machine) [Photograph]. Retrieved October 8, 2025, from https://www.clcultracoretechnologies.com/foam-concrete-machine-plant.html#clc-foam-concrete-light-weight-block-making-machine
17. YouTube. (2022, July 19). Worker cuts site-cast NAAC to build a dome structure [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/8ABYMJl1cFY?t=14
18. YouTube. (2021, November 8). Stable foam is added to Portland cement slurry to make NAAC [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Izqr5X99hEM?t=56
19. YouTube. (2021, November 8). Worker pours NAAC into block forms [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Izqr5X99hEM?t=90
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