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The article explores the current conservation status of wetlands in India, emphasizing their crucial roles in maintaining ecological balance, providing flood control, purifying water, recharging groundwater and supporting biodiversity. However, these essential ecosystems are under threat from unsustainable farming, pollution and rapid changes in land use, with Asia, and particularly India seeing the highest loss rates—nearly 35% of global wetlands have disappeared since 1970. India’s wetlands cover 16.89 million hectares, about 5.12% of the nation’s area. Recent conservation measures, like adding six new Ramsar Sites in 2025 (totaling 91), demonstrate increased efforts to safeguard these habitats. The article outlines India’s legal and policy actions, such as the Amrit Dharohar initiative, aimed at wetland preservation. It also examines modern assessment techniques, including hydrological and ecological field studies, remote sensing, and statistical or machine learning approaches, highlighting the urgent need for coordinated scientific monitoring and proactive policy interventions to protect wetlands.