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Original Article
Academic Anxiety: The Protective Roles of Emotional Intelligence and Self-Efficacy among Senior Secondary School Students
Dr. Adnan Hamid1
Iram Sleem Malik2
1 Guest Faculty, Department of Education, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2 Research Scholar, School of Education & Training, Maulana Azad National Urdu University (Off-Campus, Bhopal), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Published Online: July-August 2026
Pages: 01-04
Cite this article
↗ https://www.doi.org/10.59256/ijrtmr.20260604001References
1. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215.
2. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman.
3. Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2003). Convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of competing measures of emotional
intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1147–1158.
4. Cassady, J. C., & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology,
27(2), 270–295.
5. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books.
6. Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58(1), 47–77.
7. MacCann, C., Jiang, Y., Brown, L. E. R., Double, K. S., Bucich, M., & Minbashian, A. (2020). Emotional intelligence predicts academic
performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(2), 150–186.
8. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional Development and
Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications (pp. 3–31). Basic Books.
9. OECD. (2017). PISA 2015 Results (Volume III): Students' Well-Being. OECD Publishing.
10. Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543–578.
11. Parker, J. D. A., Summerfeldt, L. J., Hogan, M. J., & Majeski, S. A. (2004). Emotional intelligence and academic success. Personality
and Individual Differences, 36(1), 163–172.
12. Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions. Educational Psychology Review, 18(4), 315–341.
13. Perera, H. N., & DiGiacomo, M. (2013). The relationship of trait emotional intelligence with academic performance. Learning and
Individual Differences, 28, 20–33.
14. Putwain, D. W. (2007). Test anxiety in UK schoolchildren. Educational Psychology in Practice, 23(2), 127–137.
15. Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2020). Motivation and social cognitive theory. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60,
101832.
16. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14.
17. Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.). (2007). Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths. Sage.
18. Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1995). Test Anxiety: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. Taylor & Francis.
19. Wuthrich, V. M., Jagiello, T., & Azzi, V. (2020). Academic stress in the final years of school: A systematic literature review. Child
Psychiatry and Human Development, 51(6), 986–1015.
20. Zeidner, M. (1998). Test Anxiety: The State of the Art. Plenum Press
2. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W. H. Freeman.
3. Brackett, M. A., & Mayer, J. D. (2003). Convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of competing measures of emotional
intelligence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(9), 1147–1158.
4. Cassady, J. C., & Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology,
27(2), 270–295.
5. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books.
6. Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58(1), 47–77.
7. MacCann, C., Jiang, Y., Brown, L. E. R., Double, K. S., Bucich, M., & Minbashian, A. (2020). Emotional intelligence predicts academic
performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(2), 150–186.
8. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional Development and
Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications (pp. 3–31). Basic Books.
9. OECD. (2017). PISA 2015 Results (Volume III): Students' Well-Being. OECD Publishing.
10. Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543–578.
11. Parker, J. D. A., Summerfeldt, L. J., Hogan, M. J., & Majeski, S. A. (2004). Emotional intelligence and academic success. Personality
and Individual Differences, 36(1), 163–172.
12. Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions. Educational Psychology Review, 18(4), 315–341.
13. Perera, H. N., & DiGiacomo, M. (2013). The relationship of trait emotional intelligence with academic performance. Learning and
Individual Differences, 28, 20–33.
14. Putwain, D. W. (2007). Test anxiety in UK schoolchildren. Educational Psychology in Practice, 23(2), 127–137.
15. Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2020). Motivation and social cognitive theory. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60,
101832.
16. Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14.
17. Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.). (2007). Positive Psychology: The Scientific and Practical Explorations of Human Strengths. Sage.
18. Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1995). Test Anxiety: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment. Taylor & Francis.
19. Wuthrich, V. M., Jagiello, T., & Azzi, V. (2020). Academic stress in the final years of school: A systematic literature review. Child
Psychiatry and Human Development, 51(6), 986–1015.
20. Zeidner, M. (1998). Test Anxiety: The State of the Art. Plenum Press
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