Current - Issue
Original Article
India's Roadmap to Achieve SDG-3: A Strategic Framework Grounded in NFHS-6 Evidence, Health Systems Strengthening, and Sustainable Health Governance
Chodavarapu Prabhakar1
1 Independent Researcher, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Published Online: May-June 2026
Pages: 230-240
Cite this article
No DOIReferences
1. Ali, S., M. A. Rahman, H. Khan, and L. Wang. 2025. "Secure Privacy-Aware Architecture (SPAU) for IoT-Enabled Telehealth Deployments in Underserved Regions." IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 29 (4): 312–326. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2025.16394.
2. Campbell, O. M. R., and W. J. Graham. 2006. "Strategies for Reducing Maternal Mortality: Getting on with What Works." The Lancet 368 (9543): 1284–1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69381-1.
3. Fahim, A., R. Kumar, and S. Swaminathan. 2026. "The Causal Architecture of Sustainable Development Goals: Structural Vector Autoregressions and Network Policy Sequencing for SDG-3." World Development 186 (106): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2026.20875.
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5. GBD 2023 Risk Factors Collaborators. 2024. "Global Burden of 88 Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2023: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023." The Lancet 403 (10440): 2113–2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4.
6. Government of India. 2025. National Family Health Survey-6 (NFHS-6) Fact Sheets. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
7. Indian Council of Medical Research. 2024. Annual Report of the Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (AMRSN) 2023. New Delhi: ICMR, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
8. Kruk, M. E., A. D. Gage, C. Arsenault, et al. 2018. "High-Quality Health Systems in the Sustainable Development Goals Era: Time for a Revolution." The Lancet Global Health 6 (11): e1196–e1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30386-3.
9. Marmot, M., S. Friel, R. Bell, T. Houweling, and S. Taylor. 2008. "Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health." The Lancet 372 (9650): 1661–1669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6.
10. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 2023. National Programme for Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH): National Action Plan and State Operational Guidelines. New Delhi: Government of India.
11. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 2024. National Health Accounts Estimates for India (Fiscal Years 2019–20 to 2021–22). New Delhi: National Health Systems Resource Centre, Government of India.
12. National Statistical Office. 2020. Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Health in India, NSS 75th Round (July 2017 – June 2018). New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.
13. O'Neill, J. 2016. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. London: Review on Antimicrobial Resistance.
14. Phillips, E., J. R. Olden, and S. R. Banerjee. 2025. "Operationalizing Equity: Principal Component Analysis and Spatial Clustering for Subnational Vulnerability Indexing in Public Health Resource Allocation." Social Science & Medicine 340 (11): 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.14236.
15. Romanello, M., et al. 2024. "The 2024 Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Facing Unprecedented Risks to Health." The Lancet 404 (10469): 2193–2301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01822-1.
16. Swinburn, B. A., V. I. Kraak, S. Allender, et al. 2019. "The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission Report." The Lancet 393 (10173): 791–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8.
17. UNICEF. 2023. The State of the World's Children 2023: For Every Child, Vaccination. New York: UNICEF.
18. United Nations. 2015. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: UN Publishing.
19. Wang, Y., and L. Zhang. 2026. "Cross-Border Health Data Governance and AI Interoperability Standards: Aligning National Architecture with Global Safeguards." International Data Privacy Law 16 (1): 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipz06153.
20. World Health Organization. 2022. World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All. Geneva: World Health Organization.
21. World Health Organization. 2023. World Health Statistics 2023: Monitoring Health for the SDGs. Geneva: World Health Organization.
22. World Health Organization. 2024. Primary Health Care Measurement Framework and Indicators: Giving Life to Commitments. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2. Campbell, O. M. R., and W. J. Graham. 2006. "Strategies for Reducing Maternal Mortality: Getting on with What Works." The Lancet 368 (9543): 1284–1299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69381-1.
3. Fahim, A., R. Kumar, and S. Swaminathan. 2026. "The Causal Architecture of Sustainable Development Goals: Structural Vector Autoregressions and Network Policy Sequencing for SDG-3." World Development 186 (106): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2026.20875.
4. Frenk, J., and S. Moon. 2013. "Governance Challenges in Global Health." New England Journal of Medicine 368 (10): 936–942. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1109339.
5. GBD 2023 Risk Factors Collaborators. 2024. "Global Burden of 88 Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990–2023: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023." The Lancet 403 (10440): 2113–2160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4.
6. Government of India. 2025. National Family Health Survey-6 (NFHS-6) Fact Sheets. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
7. Indian Council of Medical Research. 2024. Annual Report of the Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (AMRSN) 2023. New Delhi: ICMR, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
8. Kruk, M. E., A. D. Gage, C. Arsenault, et al. 2018. "High-Quality Health Systems in the Sustainable Development Goals Era: Time for a Revolution." The Lancet Global Health 6 (11): e1196–e1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30386-3.
9. Marmot, M., S. Friel, R. Bell, T. Houweling, and S. Taylor. 2008. "Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health." The Lancet 372 (9650): 1661–1669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6.
10. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 2023. National Programme for Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH): National Action Plan and State Operational Guidelines. New Delhi: Government of India.
11. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 2024. National Health Accounts Estimates for India (Fiscal Years 2019–20 to 2021–22). New Delhi: National Health Systems Resource Centre, Government of India.
12. National Statistical Office. 2020. Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Health in India, NSS 75th Round (July 2017 – June 2018). New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India.
13. O'Neill, J. 2016. Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. London: Review on Antimicrobial Resistance.
14. Phillips, E., J. R. Olden, and S. R. Banerjee. 2025. "Operationalizing Equity: Principal Component Analysis and Spatial Clustering for Subnational Vulnerability Indexing in Public Health Resource Allocation." Social Science & Medicine 340 (11): 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.14236.
15. Romanello, M., et al. 2024. "The 2024 Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Facing Unprecedented Risks to Health." The Lancet 404 (10469): 2193–2301. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01822-1.
16. Swinburn, B. A., V. I. Kraak, S. Allender, et al. 2019. "The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change: The Lancet Commission Report." The Lancet 393 (10173): 791–846. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8.
17. UNICEF. 2023. The State of the World's Children 2023: For Every Child, Vaccination. New York: UNICEF.
18. United Nations. 2015. Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: UN Publishing.
19. Wang, Y., and L. Zhang. 2026. "Cross-Border Health Data Governance and AI Interoperability Standards: Aligning National Architecture with Global Safeguards." International Data Privacy Law 16 (1): 45–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipz06153.
20. World Health Organization. 2022. World Mental Health Report: Transforming Mental Health for All. Geneva: World Health Organization.
21. World Health Organization. 2023. World Health Statistics 2023: Monitoring Health for the SDGs. Geneva: World Health Organization.
22. World Health Organization. 2024. Primary Health Care Measurement Framework and Indicators: Giving Life to Commitments. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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